WASHINGTON—House Speaker Mike Johnson (R., La.) is on a collision course with the Senate over a plan to immediately fund aid for Israel but not Ukraine, with a proposed House bill drawing rebukes from Democrats and a cool reception from some Republicans who favor a broader foreign-policy package. 

The newly elected leader is moving to hold a vote on a bill Thursday giving Israel $14.3 billion in aid and taking previously allocated funding for the Internal Revenue Service to offset the expense. The package would be far smaller than the $106 billion requested by the White House to fund not only Israel but also Ukraine, Taiwan and border security.