The Senate on Thursday passed a bill to avert a partial government shutdown as Congress raced one day before its spending deadline to send President Biden stopgap legislation to fund federal agencies through early March.

The 77-to-18 vote cleared the way for a vote in the House later Thursday on the measure, which would provide lawmakers more time to pass spending bills totaling $1.66 trillion to fund the government through the fall, the level Democrats and Republicans agreed upon this month. That plan would hold most federal spending steady while bolstering the military.

The stopgap legislation “will give Congress time to continue working on the appropriations process to fund the government for the rest of the fiscal year,” Senator Chuck Schumer, Democrat of New York and the majority leader, said.

House leaders announced they would take up the measure and quickly pass it in a vote expected by evening, as lawmakers rushed to leave Washington before a predicted snowstorm that they worried could ground flights and strand them in the capital for the weekend.

The action in Congress would clear the measure for Mr. Biden, who is expected to quickly sign it before the midnight deadline on Friday. It would mark the third time since the start of the fiscal year on Oct. 1 that Congress has extended spending on a temporary basis. Lawmakers in both parties hope it will be the last, and that Congress can finish up its spending business for the year by the beginning of March.

The House vote promised to be an unpleasant experience for Speaker Mike Johnson, who negotiated the overall spending package with Mr. Schumer and has been savaged by the hard-right faction in the House for not insisting on greater cuts. He will need significant numbers of Democrats to back the measure given expected Republican opposition.

Even considering the bill represents a reversal by the speaker, who pledged last year never to take up another short-term spending package. But time ran out to enact the 12 individual bills that fund the government, forcing the hand of Mr. Johnson, who does not want House Republicans to be blamed for a disruption in government services heading into elections in November.

To overcome procedural objections to moving ahead quickly in the Senate, Mr. Schumer allowed Republicans votes on three proposed changes that would have effectively derailed the measure. But all fell short, clearing the way for approval and a House vote.

As he did in the fall with the previous stopgap spending bill, Mr. Johnson will then have to use special procedures to speed the measure through the House, limiting debate and requiring a two-thirds majority that is likely to be made up of more Democrats than Republicans.

Under the legislation, funding for agriculture, veterans programs, transportation, housing and other federal operations would be maintained through March 1, with funding for the rest of the government, including the Pentagon, expiring on March 8.

With the additional time, members of the House and Senate Appropriations Committees hope to push through the dozen bills funding the government according to the spending level agreed to by Mr. Johnson and Mr. Schumer. But it will not be easy.

Besides objections to the spending itself, far-right conservatives in the House are demanding the measures include restrictions on abortion and other limits on government authority that Democrats say they will not accept, setting up a showdown over those policy provisions.

“We still have an awful lot of work to get done in a short amount of time to finalize serious appropriations bills, free of partisan poison pills, that protect key investments in our country’s future,” said Senator Patty Murray, Democrat of Washington and the chairwoman of the Senate Appropriations Committee.